As I write this, the House and Senate are rushing to pass what’s become known as “The Big Beautiful Bill.” There’s resistance to even a Senate reading of the nearly 1,000-page piece of legislation. The richest get thousands of dollars in tax breaks, the poor will lose over $1,500 each, and the bill increases the budget deficit by trillions of dollars. But there are solutions.

As President Donald Trump looks to expand the world’s real estate that’s under control, my students in a political science class and I wondered about U.S. Presidents and their legacy, in a discussion of hypothesis tests. We look at the presidents who added territory during their tenure, and compared them to a random sample, as well as those presidents who gave some territories their freedom, independence, or a return to another country.